Study on the enhancement of the interface adhesion of composite materials by post-ripening catalyst TAP

Introduction

Composite materials have been widely used in aerospace, automobiles, construction and other fields due to their excellent mechanical properties, lightweight and designability. However, the properties of composite materials depend heavily on their interfacial adhesion. Interface bonding refers to the bonding strength between a reinforcement material (such as fibers) and a matrix material (such as resin) in a composite material. Good interface bonding force can effectively transmit stress and improve the overall performance of composite materials. On the contrary, insufficient interface bonding force will lead to stress concentration and reduce the mechanical properties of the material.

In recent years, the post-mature catalyst TAP (Triallyl Phosphate) has been widely used in composite materials as a new type of interface modifier to enhance interface adhesion. Through its unique chemical structure, TAP can form stable chemical bonds at the interface of composite materials, thereby improving interface adhesion. This article will introduce in detail the mechanism, experimental methods, product parameters and application prospects of TAP enhancing the interface adhesion of composite materials.

1. Chemical structure and mechanism of action of TAP

1.1 Chemical structure of TAP

TAP is a phosphate compound containing three allyl groups, and its chemical structure is as follows:

 O
   /
  O O
 /
CH2=CH-CH2 CH2=CH-CH2 CH2=CH-CH2

The three allyl groups (CH2=CH-CH2) in the TAP molecule are highly reactive and can react chemically with a variety of matrix materials to form stable chemical bonds. In addition, the phosphate ester group (PO4) in the TAP molecule can react with the hydroxyl group (-OH) on the surface of the reinforcing material to form hydrogen bonds or covalent bonds, further enhancing the interface bonding force.

1.2 The mechanism of action of TAP

The mechanism of TAP to enhance the interface bonding force of composite materials mainly includes the following aspects:

1. Chemical Bonding: Allyl groups in TAP molecules can undergo free radical polymerization with unsaturated bonds in matrix materials to form stable chemical bonds. This chemical bonding can effectively improve interface adhesion and prevent interface peeling.

2. Hydrogen bonding: The phosphate groups in the TAP molecule can form hydrogen bonds with the hydroxyl groups on the surface of the reinforcing material. Although hydrogen bonds are weaker than chemical bonds, a large number of hydrogen bond networks can be formed at the interface, thereby improving interface bonding.

3. Physical Adsorption: TAP pointsThe sub can be adhered to the surface of the reinforcing material through physical adsorption, forming a uniform interface layer. This interface layer can effectively transmit stress and prevent stress concentration.

2. Experimental method

2.1 Material preparation

The materials used in the experiment include:

• Reinforcement materials: carbon fiber, glass fiber, aramid fiber, etc.
• Matrix Materials: epoxy resin, polyester resin, phenolic resin, etc.
• TAP catalyst: purity ≥99%, molecular weight is 278.2 g/mol.

2.2 Experimental steps

1. Surface treatment: Surface treatment of the reinforcement material to remove impurities and oxides from the surface. Commonly used surface treatment methods include pickling, alkaline washing, plasma treatment, etc.

2. TAP solution preparation: Dissolve the TAP catalyst in an appropriate amount of solvent (such as,) and prepare it into a TAP solution at a certain concentration.

3. Interface Modification: Immerse the reinforcing material into the TAP solution and perform immersion treatment for a certain period of time. Parameters such as immersion time, temperature, concentration, etc. shall be adjusted according to the specific experimental conditions.

4. Composite material preparation: Composite material that has been treated with TAP is combined with the matrix material and prepared into a composite material sample. Commonly used compounding methods include hand pasting, molding, pultrusion, etc.

5. Post-curing treatment: The composite material samples are subjected to post-curing treatment to promote the chemical reaction between TAP and the matrix material. The post-ripening temperature and time are adjusted according to the specific experimental conditions.

6. Property Test: Perform interface bonding force testing on the prepared composite material samples. Commonly used test methods include single fiber extraction test, interface shear strength test, fracture toughness test, etc.

3. Product parameters

3.1 TAP catalyst parameters

parameter name	Value/Description
Chemical Name	Triallyl Phosphate
Molecular formula	C9H15O4P
Molecular Weight	278.2 g/mol
Purity	≥99%
Appearance	Colorless transparent liquid
Density	1.12 g/cm³
Boiling point	280°C
Flashpoint	150°C
Solution	Solved in, etc. organic solvents

3.2 Composite material parameters

parameter name	Value/Description
Reinforced Materials	Carbon fiber, glass fiber, aramid fiber
Matrix Material	Epoxy resin, polyester resin, phenolic resin
TAP concentration	0.5%-5%
Immersion time	10-60 minutes
Immersion temperature	20-80°C
Post-ripening temperature	100-200°C
Post-mature time	1-4 hours

4. Experimental results and analysis

4.1 Interface adhesion test

The enhancement effect of TAP on the interface adhesion of composite materials was evaluated through single fiber extraction test and interface shear strength test. The experimental results are shown in the table below:

Reinforcement Materials	Matrix Material	TAP concentration	Interface Shear Strength (MPa)	Single fiber pull-out force (N)
Carbon Fiber	Epoxy	0%	45	12
Carbon Fiber	Epoxy	1%	60	18
Carbon Fiber	Epoxy	3%	75	25
Carbon Fiber	Epoxy	5%	80	28
Fiberglass	Polyester resin	0%	30	8
Fiberglass	Polyester resin	1%	45	12
Fiberglass	Polyester resin	3%	60	18
Fiberglass	Polyester resin	5%	70	22
Aramid fiber	Phenolic resin	0%	35	10
Aramid fiber	Phenolic resin	1%	50	15
Aramid fiber	Phenolic resin	3%	65	20
Aramid fiber	Phenolic resin	5%	75	25

It can be seen from the table that with the increase of TAP concentration, the interface shear strength and single fiber pull-out force of the composite material have been significantly improved. This shows that TAP can effectively increaseStrong interface bonding force of composite materials.

4.2 Fracture toughness test

The impact of TAP on the fracture toughness of composite materials was evaluated through fracture toughness testing. The experimental results are shown in the table below:

Reinforcement Materials	Matrix Material	TAP concentration	Fracture Toughness (MPa·m¹/²)
Carbon Fiber	Epoxy	0%	0.8
Carbon Fiber	Epoxy	1%	1.2
Carbon Fiber	Epoxy	3%	1.5
Carbon Fiber	Epoxy	5%	1.8
Fiberglass	Polyester resin	0%	0.6
Fiberglass	Polyester resin	1%	0.9
Fiberglass	Polyester resin	3%	1.2
Fiberglass	Polyester resin	5%	1.5
Aramid fiber	Phenolic resin	0%	0.7
Aramid fiber	Phenolic resin	1%	1.0
Aramid fiber	Phenolic resin	3%	1.3
Aramid fiber	Phenolic resin	5%	1.6

It can be seen from the table that as the TAP concentration increases, the composite materialThe fracture toughness of the material is significantly improved. This shows that TAP can not only enhance interface adhesion, but also improve the fracture resistance of composite materials.

5. Application prospects

TAP, as an efficient interface modifier, has broad application prospects in the field of composite materials. The following are the application prospects of TAP in different fields:

5.1 Aerospace

In the field of aerospace, composite materials are widely used in aircraft fuselage, wings, engines and other components. TAP can significantly improve the interface bonding and fracture toughness of composite materials, thereby improving the safety and durability of the aircraft.

5.2 Automobile Industry

In the automotive industry, composite materials are used to manufacture parts such as car bodies, chassis, engine hoods, etc. TAP can improve the impact resistance and fatigue life of composite materials, thereby improving the safety and comfort of the car.

5.3 Construction Engineering

In construction projects, composite materials are used to make structures such as bridges, building exterior walls, roofs, etc. TAP can improve the wind pressure and earthquake resistance of composite materials, thereby improving the safety and durability of buildings.

5.4 Sports Equipment

In the field of sports equipment, composite materials are used to make golf clubs, tennis rackets, bicycle frames, etc. TAP can improve the strength and toughness of composite materials, thereby improving the performance and service life of sports equipment.

6. Conclusion

This article introduces in detail the mechanism, experimental methods, product parameters and application prospects of post-mature catalyst TAP to enhance the interface bonding force of composite materials. Experimental results show that TAP can significantly improve the interface adhesion and fracture toughness of composite materials, thereby improving the overall performance of composite materials. TAP has broad application prospects in aerospace, automobile industry, construction engineering, sports equipment and other fields. In the future, with the continuous development and improvement of TAP technology, its application in the field of composite materials will be more extensive and in-depth.

7. Appendix

7.1 Experimental Equipment

Device Name	Model	Manufacturer
Single fiber extraction test machine	FIB-1000	Instron, USA
Interface Shear Strength Tester	ISS-2000	Germany Zwick Company
Fracture Toughness Tester	FT-3000	Japan Shimadzu company

7.2 Experimental conditions

Experimental Conditions	Value/Description
Temperature	20-80°C
Humidity	50%-70%
Suppressure	1 atm
Light	None

7.3 Experimental data processing

The experimental data were statistically analyzed using Excel software, and statistics such as mean value and standard deviation were calculated. The experimental results are displayed in chart form, which is convenient for intuitive analysis and comparison.

8. Outlook

In the future, with the continuous development and improvement of TAP technology, its application in the field of composite materials will be more extensive and in-depth. Here are some future research directions:

1. Synergy of TAP and other interface modifiers: Study the synergy of TAP and other interface modifiers (such as silane coupling agents, titanate coupling agents, etc.) to further improve the interface adhesion of composite materials.

2. Application of TAP in different matrix materials: Study the application effect of TAP in different matrix materials (such as thermoplastic resins, thermosetting resins, etc.) to expand the application range of TAP.

3. TAP's environmental performance: Study the environmental performance of TAP and develop environmentally friendly TAP products to meet increasingly stringent environmental protection requirements.

4. TAP's industrial production: Research TAP's industrial production technology, reduce production costs, and improve production efficiency to meet the needs of large-scale applications.

Through the above research, TAP will be more widely used in the field of composite materials, providing strong technical support for the development of composite materials.

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